List of classes and labs

1) Lecture 1: Introduction

Lecture 1:General information: requirements for the subject, structure of 
presentations, tests, exams, grading and some other practical information.
Summary of lessons covered with general questioning of the audience.
Words about the practice classes with preparation instructions.
Some introductory words about the subject

2) Lecture 2: How does the Internet work?

The Internet as a phenomenon, its role in the society, typical statistics.
Working domains, the branch of industries Internet has major effect on:
Development of the role of Internet, opportunities and risks.
Operation anomalies: Oddities and questions about Internet operation:
BGP prefix hijacking and man-in-the-middle attacks, the youtube incident, 
DNS vulnerabilities. Is IPv6 a viable technology? Is it going to be used at all?
Short introduction of the topics the course covers in the semester.

3) Lecture 3: The architecture of the Internet

Network layers/functions. Link layer, Ethernet, DSL, cable, WiFi, mobile. 
The IP layer, connectionless datagram service, IPv4 header, formats. 
IPv4 addressing: classful, classless, subnetworking, longest prefix match, 
masking, conversion of formats, examples. IP routing and packet forwarding 
model: destination based, hop-by-hop, best-effort forwarding. 
Higher layer protocols, TCP/UDP. IP based protocols and the sand-glass profile.
The architecture of the Internet. Autonomous Systems *(AS), eyeball/content/transit, 
access/edge/core. Internet Service Provider (ISP), one typical ISP topology.

4) Lecture 4: Service model of the Internet

Connection of ASs, the concept of policy routing. AS-AS transit service, 
single-homed and multi-homed ASs, PA and PI addressing, transit loop 
avoidance, the default-free zone (DFZ), size of ASs, transit pricing.
AS-AS peer connection, peering policy, economic considerations, IXP.
AS-level structure of the Internet, concept of tiers, tier-1, regional 
and national ISPs.

5) Lecture 5: Routing on the Internet

The basis of routing: distributed/central, intra-domain/inter-domain, 
static-dynamic, link-state vs. path-vector, "The big four", IGP-EGP interaction.
mapping of the business rules at AS-AS level to AS-paths. Permitted and prohibited 
pathes, the valley-free routing, definition, comptutation of valley-free routes
economic interpretation.  Examples.  The "prefer-customer" rule, "shortest AS-path" rule.

6) Lecture 6: The Border Gateway Protocol

Inter-domain path selection and the BGP. structure and operation of the BGP,
flowchart, BGP messages, the NLRI and BGP attributes, BGP decision mechanism
Basics of the configuration of the BGP, the role of the loopback interface.
Setting routing preferences in BGP. Valley-free routing, configuration rules of 
import and export filters, role of BGP communities,valley-free routing configuration 
in BGP, example.

7) Midterm test 

8) Lecture 7: The BGP in practice

Setting up further routing preferences in BGP.  The "prefer customer" 
rule with local preferences, configuration in BGP, example.  Setting up 
the shortest AS path rule. Prefix hijacking, Man-in-the-middle attacks, 
avoidance with prefix filtering, the rule of the Bogon filters.  
Filtering of the AS paths. Backup routing and AS-path prepending. 
Hot-potato routing and BGP traffic management. Stability of the internet 
routing. BGP oscillation with example, oscillation prevention.

9) Lecture 8: Structure of an IP router and packet forwarding

Difference between the dealing with routing and forwarding
the fast path and slow path, HW vs. SW routers, NFV
IP FIB data structures: the realization of the longest prefix match,
TCAMs, prefix trees, leaf-pushing, ORTC, level-compession. The Linux kernel
IPv4, FIB implementation.

10) Lecture 9: Global systems of the Internet governance, IPv6, DNS, e-mail

Short history of the Internet, present and future. Organization  background 
of the Internet, governance issues, operating organizations, regulation, 
standardization processes, net neutrality. Deficiencies of IPv4,  basic 
properties of IPv6, summary of new functions. Addressing issues, network 
management algorithms, mobility models. Security issues. Name distribution 
on the Internetes, structure of domain names, functioning of DNS organizations 
Administrative background, registration, related protocols, specificities of IPv6
New developments, new directions: character coding issues, relax restrictions 
on earlier domain name restrictions.

11) Lecture 10: Evolution of the network of the Internet

Network theoretical basics. Classical and specific random networks.
Properties of complex networks: Small worlds, degree distribution, 
scale-free property, clustering indexes, structural properties of 
real networks Structure and properties of informational, technological, 
social and biology networks topology of Internet at router and domain 
level World Wide Web, density and distribution of connections, hubs
networks for mobile calls, electricity distribution networks.
Emergence and evolution of networks. Internet social networks, 
professional cooperation and publication networks actor-collaboration 
networks – the Kevin Bacon game, Milgram mailing experiment, neural 
networks, structure of food chains in the natural ecosystem network 
of business leaders, cell and metabolic networks, sexual networks, 
terrorist networks.

12) Lecture 11: Complex processes on the Internet

Growing networks, dynamics of networks, scale-free B-A model the 
explanation of the rich becomes richer phenomenon in real networks
node fitness and aging models and its properties, processes in 
networks: connection between the structure of networks and its 
processes, browsing in networks, phase transitions, repellent networks
against random errors and malicious attacks, node errors, link errors, 
navigation in networks, emerging and dissolve of groups and corresponding 
lifecycle, network cascades, the avalanche effect.
Search and routing in networks, spontaneously emerging searching tasks
in real networks, searching without map in complex networks, network 
structures for mapless search optimization, structure of the web
current search engines of the web the Gnutella network and search 
optimization inside web-crawlers and their limitations for Internet 
topology similarities and differences of corresponding models.

13) Second Tests (for previously failed students) and 
pre-examination for the others (i.e. also the first occassion for exam)

Practice classes:
1.  Installation of network emulation environment
2. Simple network operations
3. BGP network construction 1
4. BGP network construction 2
5. BGP network construction 3
6. Internet databases
7. Visiting to the BIX (Budapest Internet Exchange) (18-22, Victor Hugo str., Budapest, H-1132)

TOPICS FOR STATE EXAM

The architecture of the Internet: Network layers/functions. Link layer, Ethernet, DSL, cable, WiFi, mobile. The IP layer, connectionless
datagram service, IPv4 header, formats.

IPv4 addressing: classful, classless, subnetworking, longest prefix match, masking, conversion of formats, examples. IP routing and
packet forwarding model: destination based, hop-by-hop, best-effort forwarding.

Higher layer protocols, TCP/UDP. IP based protocols and the sand-glass profile.

The architecture of the Internet. Autonomous Systems (ASes): eyeball/content/transit, access/edge/core. Internet Service Providers
(ISP), a typical ISP topology.

Service model: Connection of ASes, the concept of policy routing.

AS-AS transit service: single-homed and multi-homed ASs, PA and PI addressing, transit loop avoidance, the default-free zone (DFZ),
size of ASs, transit pricing.

AS-AS peer connection: peering policy, economic considerations, IXP.

AS-level structure of the Internet, concept of tiers, tier-1, regional and national ISPs.

The basis of routing: distributed/central, intra-domain/inter-domain, static-dynamic, link-state vs. path-vector, "The big four", IGPEGP
interaction. mapping of the business rules at AS-AS level to AS-paths.

Valley-free routing: Permitted and prohibited paths, the valley-free routing, definition, comptutation of valley-free routes and
economic interpretation. Examples. The "prefer-customer" rule, "shortest AS-path" rule.

The Border Gateway Protocol: Inter-domain path selection and BGP, structure and operation of BGP, flowchart, BGP messages, the
NLRI and BGP attributes, BGP decision mechanism.

BGP configuration basics: the role of the loopback interface, setting routing preferences in BGP. Valley-free routing, configuration
rules of import and export filters, role of BGP communities, valley-free routing configuration in BGP, example.

BGP in practice: Setting up advenaced routing preferences in BGP. The "prefer customer" rule with local preferences, configuration in
BGP, example. Setting up the shortest AS path rule.

Advanced BGP 1: prefix hijacking, man-in-the-middle attacks, avoidance with prefix filtering, the rule of the Bogon filters. Filtering of
the AS paths.

Advanced BGP 2: Backup routing and AS-path prepending. Hot-potato routing and BGP traffic management. Stability of the internet
routing. BGP oscillation with example, oscillation prevention.

IP routers and packet forwarding: difference between routing and forwarding, the fast path and slow path, HW vs. SW routers.

IP FIB data structures: the realization of longest prefix match, TCAMs, prefix trees, leaf-pushing, ORTC, level-compression.

Organization background of the Internet, governance issues, operating organizations, regulation, standardization processes, net
neutrality.

Deficiencies of IPv4, basic properties of IPv6, summary of new functions. IPv6 addressing issues, network, management algorithms,
mobility models, security issues

Domain name distribution on the Internet, structure of domain names, functioning of DNS organizations. DNS administrative
background, registration, related protocols, specificities of IPv6. New developments, new directions: character coding issues, relax
restrictions on earlier domain name restrictions.

Concept of Network Address Translation (NAT). 1:1 NAT, 1:N NAT. Layout of the conntrack table. Problems caused by NAT.
Grouping of NAT techniques. STUN, TURN, ICE, Hairpin NAT. DMZ Host. Port triggering, port knocking. CGNAT.

Concept of Virtual Private Networks (VPN). Remote access VPN. Site-to-site VPN. VPN topology types. PMTUD. The phenomenon
of TCP meltdown. GRE. PPTP. Route push. Basics of IPsec. IKE, IKE SA, IKEv1. Advantages of IKEv2 over IKEv1. SA. PFS.
Authentication header. Encapsulating Security Payload. SPI. Tunnel mode and Transport mode. Disadvantages of SSTP. OpenVPN.